Several readers have pointed out to me Judge Weinstein's decision last week in Duhs v. Capra. I've been meaning to post a link, and here it is. At 93, Judge Weinstein can still write faster than I can read.
Like Ohio v. Clark, this is a physical-abuse case involving a statement by a three-year-old who did not testify at trial. Judge Weinstein -- on habeas, no less -- holds that the statement was testimonial and that its admission violated the Confrontation Clause. He acknowledges that the child would not realize that his statement to a doctor might be used in a later legal proceeding, but he says that the child could realize that the statement would lead to his father's punishment.
I think Judge Weinstein is too hasty in that latter conclusion, and for all the length of the opinion, he provides no empirical support for it. I wish that he had considered the approach presented by Steve Ceci and me in our amicus brief in Clark and in our forthcoming piece in the Chicago Law Review, which I have posted on this blog. I certainly agree with Judge Weinstein that statements to doctors, teachers, and social worker can be testimonial. But I don't think a three-year-old talking out of court to a doctor is capable of being a witness for Confrontaiton Clause purposes; he is, however, a significant source of evidence, and the accused should have a right of examining him out of court through a qualified expert.
If we put aside our theory for argument's sake, I think it's an interesting question whether a statement should be considered testimonial if made by a child who doesn't understand the legal system at all but does understand that his statement might cause the person whom he addresses to punish the person whose conduct he describes.
In the Duhs case, unlike Clark, the trial court held the child competent to testify at trial. Judge Weinstein emphasizes the difference, presumably to try to shield his decision from reversal after Clark is decided. He also emphasized that the audience was a medical professional rather than a school official. I'm not sure htat makes much difference.
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ReplyDeleteتعتبر العاب تلبيس من اشهر الانواع في هذا المجال وهي بدورها تتضمن عدة اصناف جميلة ويعشقها الكتير وخاصة البنات منها العاب تلبيس ومكياج التي تمزج بين التلبيس وكذلك الميك اب في آن واحد هذا الامر الدي يزيد من جمالها وتجعل كل من يلعبها يستمتع بذلك زد على ذلك العاب تلبيس باربي التي تعرف شعبية كبيرة لانها شخصية مشهورة ويعرفها الصغير والكبير ولهم ذكريات جميلة معها لانها اشتهرت في عالم الكارتون والان اصبح الامر كذلك في مجال الالعاب وغير هذا هناك كذلك نوع آخر مميز ايضا وهو العاب تلبيس عرائس فالجميع يحلم ان يقوم بتلبيسهما لانها تذكرهم بهذه المناسبة الجميلة الا وهي الزواج التي تعتبر اهم مرحلة في حياة الانسان وهناك انواع مغايرة لها جمهور كبير في كل انحاء العالم وهي العاب قص الشعر ليس هي فقط بل توجد ايضا العاب طبخ التي يمكن للجميع لعبها سواء كانوا اولادا او بناتا وهي الاكتر طلبا في النت ويحبها الجميع ومعها ايضا العاب باربي التي تكلمنا عليها بكل انواعها تتنوع العاب فلاش وذلك على حسب كل شخص ورغبته فهناك عدة انواع منها وهناك من هي خاصة بالبنات واخرى للاولاد وتعتبر العاب تلبيس من اكتر الالعاب انتشارا في الويب وهي محبوبة عند الجميع ولديها جمهور واسع كما انها سهلة اللعب والجميع يمكنه لعبها بسهولة تامة بدون صعوبات تذكر كما ان هناك انواع اخرى متل العاب طبخ والعاب اكشن ومكياج و سيارات الى غير ذلك فلك صنف جمهوره ومحبيه ولكن تبقى العاب بنات الاكتر انتشارا وشعبيتنا في عالم العاب الفلاش كما انها تحتوي على شخصيات معروفة وغنية عن التعريف متل باربي و سندريلا وشخصيات اخرى تركت بصمتها في هذا المجال لهذا اصبح يعتمد عليها كتيرا في صنف العاب تلبيس بنات الدي تحبه البنات بكترة خاصة في العالم العربي مما يجعل المواقع الخاصة بهذا النوع تزداد يوما بعد الاخر فذلك ليس عبثا
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